The population’s exposure to fine particles has decreased by more than half in all municipalities between 2000 and 2020. Exposure to coarse particles (smaller than 10 micrometres) and nitrogen oxides has also decreased slightly. In contrast, exposure to road traffic noise has increased somewhat.
“The reduction in fine particle emissions is due to several factors, including technological advancements and stricter emission standards for road traffic and industry. It’s also important that emissions have decreased in neighbouring countries, as these particles can travel long distances,” says Eva Andersson, Associate Professor in Occupational and Environmental Medicine.
Large health gains
The decrease is encouraging, as it may have positive effects on public health. It is primarily the smallest particles (less than 2.5 micrometres) that have been linked to increased risk of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases.
“This is due to their ability to penetrate deeper into the lungs, where they are believed to induce chronic low-grade inflammation. They may even reach the bloodstream and affect other organs. In a previous study of six Swedish cities, we estimated that the improved air quality since 2000 may have prevented nearly 3,000 premature deaths each year,” says Leo Stockfelt, Consultant Physician and Associate Professor in Occupational and Environmental Medicine.
Unequal distribution
There are significant differences both within and between municipalities in Västra Götaland. Exposure to noise and fine particles is highest in Gothenburg, followed by Mölndal, Partille, and Borås. In Gothenburg, 15 percent of the population are exposed to both noise and fine particles at levels exceeding WHO 2021 Air Quality Guidelines.
The researchers have examined five environmental factors in Västra Götaland between the years 2000 and 2020: fine particles, coarse particles, nitrogen oxides, road traffic noise, and access to green spaces. Around 20 percent of the population had a healthy surrounding environment in 2020 – meaning low levels of air pollutants and traffic noise, as well as access to green spaces near their homes.
The report was produced by the Section of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, which is part of Sahlgrenska University Hospital and Sahlgrenska Academy at the University 91̽.
